Douglas Graham Shearer (November 17, 1899 – January 5, 1971) was a Canadian-American pioneering sound designer and recording director who played a key role in the advancement of sound technology for motion pictures. He won seven Academy Awards for his work. In 2008, he was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame. Douglas began his journey into cinema by studying experimental electricity at Northern Electric Company before joining MGM in 1925. Initially exploring lighting and cameras, he pivoted to sound when the era of sound pictures emerged in 1928. He pioneered synchronizing musical soundtracks with film scenes, notably in the groundbreaking "The Broadway Melody," which won the 1929 Oscar for Best Picture. As head of MGM's sound department until his retirement, Shearer revolutionized sound recording, winning an Academy Award for Best Sound Recording for "The Big House." His groundbreaking work at MGM significantly enhanced the technical aspects of filmmaking. His legacy was recognized even in death, receiving a front-page obituary in The New York Times—an honour typically reserved for industry giants and heads of state.
Lady in the Lake
(Sound Director)
The Story of Three Loves
(Recording Supervision)
Mokey
(Sound Director)
Lili
(Sound)
Pride and Prejudice
(Recording Supervision)
Up Goes Maisie
(Sound Director)
The Champ
(Recording Supervision)
Hide-Out
(Sound Director)
Lady Be Good
(Sound Director)
Father's Little Dividend
(Recording Supervision)
Good News
(Recording Supervision)
Congo Maisie
(Sound Director)
Mrs. Parkington
(Sound Director)
Naughty Marietta
(Sound Director)
Kismet
(Sound Director)
The Arnelo Affair
(Sound)
Children of Pleasure
(Sound Director)
A Tale of Two Cities
(Sound Director)
The Harvey Girls
(Recording Supervision)
Show Boat
(Recording Supervision)
Duchess of Idaho
(Recording Supervision)
Battleground
(Recording Supervision)
The Hoodlum Saint
(Recording Supervision)
Skirts Ahoy!
(Recording Supervision)
Sweethearts
(Sound Director)
The Human Comedy
(Recording Supervision)
Confidentially Connie
(Recording Supervision)
Battle Circus
(Recording Supervision)
Main Street After Dark
(Recording Supervision)
The Feminine Touch
(Recording Supervision)
We Who Are Young
(Recording Supervision)
The Devil-Doll
(Recording Supervision)
Thunder Afloat
(Sound Director)
The Winning Ticket
(Recording Supervision)
Johnny Eager
(Recording Supervision)
Dulcy
(Recording Supervision)
Sequoia
(Recording Supervision)
Gentle Annie
(Recording Supervision)
Bad Bascomb
(Recording Supervision)
The Longest Night
(Recording Supervision)
Rationing
(Recording Supervision)
Fast Company
(Sound Director)
Kim
(Recording Supervision)
Married Before Breakfast
(Sound Director)
Beg, Borrow or Steal
(Sound Director)
Living in a Big Way
(Sound)
Desperate Search
(Recording Supervision)
Sinner Take All
(Sound Director)
Vacation from Love
(Sound Director)
Sworn Enemy
(Recording Supervision)
A Family Affair
(Sound Director)
You're Only Young Once
(Sound Director)
Week-End at the Waldorf
(Recording Supervision)
Judge Hardy's Children
(Sound Director)
Love Finds Andy Hardy
(Sound Director)
Out West with the Hardys
(Sound Director)
The Hardys Ride High
(Sound Director)
The Cuban Love Song
(Recording Supervision)
Fast and Furious
(Sound Director)
Andy Hardy Gets Spring Fever
(Sound Director)
Judge Hardy and Son
(Sound Director)
Andy Hardy Meets Debutante
(Sound Director)
Tell No Tales
(Sound Director)
Cairo
(Sound Director)
That Forsyte Woman
(Recording Supervision)
Andy Hardy's Blonde Trouble
(Sound Director)
Andy Hardy's Private Secretary
(Sound Director)
Love Laughs at Andy Hardy
(Sound Director)
The Unfinished Dance
(Sound Director)
Life Begins for Andy Hardy
(Sound Director)
The Courtship of Andy Hardy
(Sound Director)
Fearless Fagan
(Recording Supervision)
An American Romance
(Recording Supervision)
Andy Hardy's Double Life
(Sound Director)
The Outriders
(Sound Designer)
Tennessee Champ
(Sound)
Kind Lady
(Recording Supervision)
Three Live Ghosts
(Sound Director)
Mad Holiday
(Recording Supervision)
When Ladies Meet
(Sound Director)
Calling Dr. Kildare
(Sound Director)
Carbine Williams
(Recording Supervision)
To Please a Lady
(Recording Supervision)
Thousands Cheer
(Recording Supervision)
A New Romance of Celluloid: The Miracle of Sound
(Director)
Father of the Bride
(Recording Supervision)
Henry Goes Arizona
(Sound Director)
The Voice of the City
(Sound Engineer)
Paradise for Three
(Sound Director)
Calm Yourself
(Sound Director)
Kid Glove Killer
(Sound Director)
Guilty Hands
(Sound Director)
Married Bachelor
(Sound Director)
The Affairs of Dobie Gillis
(Recording Supervision)
I'll Wait for You
(Sound Director)
Big City
(Sound)
Three Loves Has Nancy
(Sound Director)
The Girl Downstairs
(Sound Director)
Julia Misbehaves
(Sound)
Summer Holiday
(Sound)
The Last of Mrs. Cheyney
(Sound Recordist)
The Idle Rich
(Sound Engineer)
The Thirteenth Chair
(Sound Recordist)
Dynamite
(Sound Recordist)
Their Own Desire
(Sound Recordist)
Not So Dumb
(Sound Recordist)
Anna Christie
(Sound Recordist)
Our Blushing Brides
(Sound Director)
The Florodora Girl
(Sound Director)
Let Us Be Gay
(Sound Director)
This Mad World
(Sound Engineer)
The Lady of Scandal
(Sound Director)
Romance
(Sound Director)
New Moon
(Sound Director)
Paid
(Sound Director)
A Lady's Morals
(Sound Director)
Dance, Fools, Dance
(Sound Director)
Strangers May Kiss
(Sound Director)
The Bachelor Father
(Sound Director)
Laughing Sinners
(Sound Director)
A Free Soul
(Sound Director)
Five and Ten
(Sound Director)
The Squaw Man
(Sound Director)
Susan Lenox (Her Fall and Rise)
(Sound Director)
The Sin of Madelon Claudet
(Sound Director)
This Modern Age
(Sound Director)
The Man in Possession
(Sound Director)
The Guardsman
(Sound Director)
The Great Lover
(Sound Director)
Possessed
(Sound Director)
Emma
(Sound Director)
Flying High
(Sound Director)
Anna Christie
(Sound Engineer)
Mata Hari
(Sound Director)
Private Lives
(Sound Director)
Lovers Courageous
(Sound Director)
The Great Waltz
(Sound Director)
Test Pilot
(Sound Director)
But the Flesh Is Weak
(Sound Director)
Arsène Lupin
(Sound Director)
The Wet Parade
(Sound Director)
Grand Hotel
(Sound Director)
Letty Lynton
(Sound Director)
Huddle
(Sound Director)
Red-Headed Woman
(Sound Director)
The Washington Masquerade
(Sound Director)
As You Desire Me
(Sound Director)
Unashamed
(Sound Director)
Strange Interlude
(Sound Director)
Red Dust
(Sound Director)
Blondie of the Follies
(Sound Director)
Smilin' Through
(Sound Director)
The Mask of Fu Manchu
(Sound Director)
Today We Live
(Sound Director)
Payment Deferred
(Sound Director)
Rasputin and the Empress
(Sound Director)
The Son-Daughter
(Sound Director)
Men Must Fight
(Sound Director)
Nancy Goes to Rio
(Sound)
The White Sister
(Sound Director)
Gabriel Over the White House
(Sound Director)
Peg o' My Heart
(Sound Director)
Hold Your Man
(Sound Director)
Looking Forward
(Sound Director)
Made on Broadway
(Sound Director)
When Ladies Meet
(Sound Director)
Midnight Mary
(Sound Director)
The Barbarian
(Sound Director)
Storm at Daybreak
(Sound Director)
Another Language
(Sound Director)
The Stranger's Return
(Sound Director)
Turn Back the Clock
(Sound Director)
Dinner at Eight
(Sound Director)
Dancing Lady
(Sound Director)
Beauty for Sale
(Sound Director)
Penthouse
(Sound Director)
Stage Mother
(Sound Director)
Should Ladies Behave
(Sound Director)
The Solitaire Man
(Sound Director)
Bombshell
(Sound Director)
Queen Christina
(Sound Director)
Going Hollywood
(Sound Director)
The Women in His Life
(Sound Director)
The Cat and the Fiddle
(Sound Director)
Men in White
(Sound Director)
Riptide
(Sound Director)
Sadie McKee
(Sound Director)
The Mystery of Mr. X
(Sound Director)
Hollywood Party
(Sound Director)
Operator 13
(Sound Director)
Paris Interlude
(Sound Director)
The Girl from Missouri
(Sound Director)
The Barretts of Wimpole Street
(Sound Director)
The Reformer and the Redhead
(Recording Supervision)
The Night Is Young
(Sound Recordist)
Julius Caesar
(Recording Supervision)
My Dear Miss Aldrich
(Sound Director)
Bathing Beauty
(Recording Supervision)
The Bishop Misbehaves
(Sound Director)
The Golden Fleecing
(Sound Director)
Woman Wanted
(Sound Director)
Suzy
(Sound Director)
Arsène Lupin Returns
(Sound Director)
The Women Men Marry
(Recording Supervision)
The Strip
(Recording Supervision)
Treasure Island
(Sound Director)
Holiday for Sinners
(Sound)
See Here, Private Hargrove
(Sound Director)
Two Smart People
(Sound Director)
The Bad and the Beautiful
(Recording Supervision)
Courage of Lassie
(Recording Supervision)
Twice Blessed
(Sound Director)
Music for Millions
(Sound Director)
Son of Lassie
(Recording Supervision)
The Tall Target
(Recording Supervision)
Challenge to Lassie
(Recording Supervision)
Tarzan and His Mate
(Recording Supervision)
Tarzan's Secret Treasure
(Recording Supervision)
Tarzan's New York Adventure
(Recording Supervision)
Blonde Inspiration
(Sound Director)
The Postman Always Rings Twice
(Sound Director)
Tarzan Escapes
(Recording Supervision)
Tarzan Finds a Son!
(Recording Supervision)
Washington Melodrama
(Recording Supervision)
Rendezvous
(Sound Recordist)
Biography of a Bachelor Girl
(Sound Recordist)
Manhattan Melodrama
(Sound Director)
Three Godfathers
(Recording Supervision)
Parlor, Bedroom and Bath
(Recording Supervision)
Callaway Went Thataway
(Recording Supervision)
Honolulu
(Sound Re-Recording Mixer)
Lord Byron of Broadway
(Sound Recordist)
Min and Bill
(Sound)
Kathleen
(Sound Director)
The Big House
(Sound)
Downstairs
(Sound)
Dangerous Partners
(Recording Supervision)
Whipsaw
(Recording Supervision)
Annie Get Your Gun
(Recording Supervision)
The bitter fruit
(Sound Recordist)
Captains Courageous
(Sound)
A Guy Named Joe
(Sound)
Tortilla Flat
(Sound)
Reunion in Vienna
(Sound)
Passion Flower
(Sound Director)
The Magnificent Yankee
(Recording Supervision)
Babes in Arms
(Sound)
Tarzan the Ape Man
(Sound)
Man-Proof
(Sound)
Fury
(Sound Recordist)
The People Vs. Dr. Kildare
(Sound Director)
Take the High Ground!
(Recording Supervision)
China Seas
(Sound)
The Great Diamond Robbery
(Recording Supervision)
Flesh
(Sound)
Hell Divers
(Sound)
Libeled Lady
(Recording Supervision)
Boys Town
(Recording Supervision)
All the Brothers Were Valiant
(Recording Supervision)
She Went to the Races
(Recording Supervision)
Nick Carter, Master Detective
(Sound)
Miracles for Sale
(Sound Recordist)
Broadway Serenade
(Sound Recordist)
The Kid From Texas
(Recording Supervision)
Sporting Blood
(Recording Supervision)
Rose Marie
(Sound Recordist)
Riffraff
(Sound Recordist)
Sporting Blood
(Sound Recordist)
The Voice of Bugle Ann
(Sound Recordist)
Last of the Pagans
(Sound Recordist)
Moonlight Murder
(Sound Recordist)
Tough Guy
(Sound Recordist)
Petticoat Fever
(Sound Recordist)
Robin Hood of El Dorado
(Sound Recordist)
Ninotchka
(Recording Supervision)
Libeled Lady
(Sound Director)
Ninotchka
(Sound Director)
Whipsaw
(Sound Director)
David Copperfield
(Sound Director)
A Woman's Face
(Sound)
The Painted Hills
(Sound)
In the Good Old Summertime
(Recording Supervision)
Glory Alley
(Recording Supervision)
Love Crazy
(Sound Director)
The Last of Mrs. Cheyney
(Sound)
Rose Marie
(Recording Supervision)
Age of Indiscretion
(Sound Recordist)
The Big House
(Sound)
Desire Me
(Sound Director)
The Casino Murder Case
(Recording Supervision)
Two Weeks with Love
(Sound)
Calling Dr. Gillespie
(Recording Supervision)
Dr. Kildare Goes Home
(Recording Supervision)
Polly of the Circus
(Sound)
The Secret of Dr. Kildare
(Recording Supervision)
Dr. Gillespie's New Assistant
(Recording Supervision)
The Broadway Melody
(Sound Recordist)
Young Dr. Kildare
(Recording Supervision)
Dr. Kildare's Victory
(Recording Supervision)
Quo Vadis
(Sound Recordist)
Dr. Kildare's Strange Case
(Recording Supervision)
M-G-M Jubilee Overture
(Sound Recordist)
The Romance of Celluloid
(Director)
Father's Little Dividend
(Sound Recordist)
The Wild North
(Sound)
The Naked Spur
(Recording Supervision)
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers
(Sound)
The Yellow Cab Man
(Recording Supervision)
Black Hand
(Recording Supervision)
Please Believe Me
(Recording Supervision)
The Big Hangover
(Recording Supervision)
Shadow on the Wall
(Recording Supervision)
Three Guys Named Mike
(Recording Supervision)
Grounds for Marriage
(Recording Supervision)
Soldiers Three
(Recording Supervision)
Invitation
(Recording Supervision)
Young Man with Ideas
(Recording Supervision)
Stars in My Crown
(Recording Supervision)
Pat and Mike
(Sound Recordist)
Right Cross
(Recording Supervision)
The Good Earth
(Recording Supervision)
Overture to The Merry Wives of Windsor
(Music Supervisor)
The Pirate
(Recording Supervision)
The Great Sinner
(Recording Supervision)
Summer Stock
(Recording Supervision)
Jeopardy
(Recording Supervision)
The Red Badge of Courage
(Sound Recordist)
The Great Caruso
(Recording Supervision)
The Hucksters
(Sound Director)
Marie Antoinette
(Sound)
Killer McCoy
(Sound Director)
Love Is a Headache
(Recording Supervision)
Reducing
(Recording Supervision)
6,000 Enemies
(Recording Supervision)
New Morals for Old
(Recording Supervision)
Trouble for Two
(Recording Supervision)
Stronger Than Desire
(Recording Supervision)
The First Hundred Years
(Recording Supervision)
The Earl of Chicago
(Recording Supervision)
Angels in the Outfield
(Recording Supervision)
The Gay Bride
(Recording Supervision)
Panama Hattie
(Camera Operator)
Politics
(Recording Supervision)
The Ship from Shanghai
(Sound Engineer)
Navy Blue and Gold
(Recording Supervision)
Adam's Rib
(Recording Supervision)
Adam's Rib
(Sound Recordist)
The Hidden Eye
(Recording Supervision)
War Nurse
(Sound Director)
The Man from Down Under
(Recording Supervision)
Of Human Hearts
(Sound Director)
They Gave Him a Gun
(Sound Director)
The Romance of Rosy Ridge
(Sound Director)
Swing Fever
(Sound Director)
The Unguarded Hour
(Sound Director)
They All Come Out
(Sound Director)
Times Square Lady
(Sound Director)
They Learned About Women
(Sound Director)
Cabin in the Sky
(Sound Director)
The Naked Spur
(Sound)
Too Hot to Handle
(Recording Supervision)
Shadow in the Sky
(Recording Supervision)
Take Me Out to the Ball Game
(Sound Director)
Strange Cargo
(Sound Director)
Executive Suite
(Recording Supervision)
Three Comrades
(Sound Director)
The Canterville Ghost
(Sound Director)
The Secret of Madame Blanche
(Sound Director)
The Thin Man
(Sound Director)
Northwest Passage
(Sound Director)
A Night at the Opera
(Sound Director)
Easter Parade
(Sound Director)
Mutiny on the Bounty
(Sound Director)
On the Town
(Sound Director)
The Women
(Sound Director)
The Shop Around the Corner
(Sound Director)
Waterloo Bridge
(Sound Director)
Nazi Agent
(Sound Director)
The Sea of Grass
(Sound)
The Asphalt Jungle
(Recording Supervision)
On Borrowed Time
(Recording Supervision)
After the Thin Man
(Recording Supervision)
Kind Lady
(Recording Supervision)
Madam Satan
(Sound Recordist)
Pagan Love Song
(Recording Supervision)
The Picture of Dorian Gray
(Recording Supervision)
Night Must Fall
(Recording Supervision)
The Nuisance
(Recording Supervision)
Tension
(Recording Supervision)
Madame Bovary
(Recording Supervision)
Too Young to Kiss
(Recording Supervision)
The Postman Always Rings Twice
(Recording Supervision)
The Philadelphia Story
(Recording Supervision)
The Divorcee
(Sound Director)
Dangerous When Wet
(Recording Supervision)
Night Court
(Sound Recordist)
Boom Town
(Sound Recordist)
Dramatic School
(Sound Recordist)
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers
(Recording Supervision)
Give a Girl a Break
(Recording Supervision)
Mrs. Miniver
(Recording Supervision)
Comrade X
(Sound Director)
Two Sisters from Boston
(Recording Supervision)
Chained
(Sound Director)
Faithless
(Sound Director)
The Broadway Melody
(Recording Supervision)
Undercurrent
(Sound Director)
The Unholy Night
(Sound Recordist)
What Every Woman Knows
(Recording Supervision)
Joe and Ethel Turp Call on the President
(Recording Supervision)
Madame X
(Sound Director)
Remains to Be Seen
(Recording Supervision)
Night Flight
(Sound)
Grand Central Murder
(Recording Supervision)
Bataan
(Recording Supervision)
Whistling in the Dark
(Sound Director)
The White Cliffs of Dover
(Sound Director)
Born to Dance
(Sound)
Fingers at the Window
(Sound Director)
The Secret Heart
(Sound Director)
The Chaser
(Sound Director)
Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo
(Recording Supervision)
Broadway Melody of 1936
(Recording Supervision)
Three Little Words
(Recording Supervision)
A Date with Judy
(Recording Supervision)
Love Is Better Than Ever
(Recording Supervision)
Westward the Women
(Recording Supervision)
Kongo
(Sound Recordist)
Cause for Alarm!
(Recording Supervision)
The Girl Who Had Everything
(Recording Supervision)
Dark Delusion
(Sound Director)
Talk About a Stranger
(Sound Director)
Thrill of a Romance
(Recording Supervision)
The Belle of New York
(Recording Supervision)
Conquest
(Sound Director)
The Bride Wore Red
(Sound Director)
Double Wedding
(Sound Director)
No More Ladies
(Sound Director)
The Passionate Plumber
(Recording Supervision)
Whistling in the Dark
(Recording Supervision)
Two-Faced Woman
(Sound)
I Live My Life
(Sound Director)
The Ice Follies of 1939
(Sound Director)
Fast Workers
(Sound Director)
Forsaking All Others
(Sound Director)
The Shining Hour
(Sound Director)
Above Suspicion
(Sound Director)
Mannequin
(Sound Director)
Everything I Have Is Yours
(Recording Supervision)
Absolute Quiet
(Sound Director)
Public Hero Number 1
(Sound)
So This Is College
(Sound Engineer)
Murder in the Fleet
(Sound Director)
Cynthia
(Sound)
Eyes in the Night
(Sound Director)
Susan and God
(Sound Director)
Small Town Girl
(Recording Supervision)
I Love You Again
(Recording Supervision)
Reckless
(Recording Supervision)
Capriccio Italien
(Recording Supervision)
Broadway Melody of 1938
(Recording Supervision)
Her Cardboard Lover
(Recording Supervision)
Dream Wife
(Recording Supervision)
The Band Wagon
(Recording Supervision)
Young Bess
(Recording Supervision)
Scandal at Scourie
(Recording Supervision)
Valley of the Kings
(Recording Supervision)
Her Twelve Men
(Recording Supervision)
Easy to Love
(Recording Supervision)
The Actress
(Recording Supervision)
Million Dollar Mermaid
(Recording Supervision)
The Merry Widow
(Recording Supervision)
I Love Melvin
(Recording Supervision)
Crisis
(Recording Supervision)
King Solomon's Mines
(Recording Supervision)
The Girl in White
(Sound)
Neptune's Daughter
(Recording Supervision)
The Stratton Story
(Recording Supervision)
Scaramouche
(Recording Supervision)
Song of Love
(Sound Director)
The Law and the Lady
(Recording Supervision)
Royal Wedding
(Recording Supervision)
The Three Musketeers
(Recording Supervision)
The Barkleys of Broadway
(Recording Supervision)
The Red Badge of Courage
(Recording Supervision)
Another Thin Man
(Sound Director)
The Great Ziegfeld
(Sound Director)
Camille
(Sound Director)
Blossoms in the Dust
(Sound Director)
Freaks
(Recording Supervision)
The Show-Off
(Sound Director)
San Francisco
(Sound Director)
Fury
(Sound Director)
The Thirteenth Chair
(Sound Director)
Romeo and Juliet
(Sound Director)
The Garden Murder Case
(Sound Director)
The Secret Garden
(Sound Director)
At the Circus
(Recording Supervision)
Go West
(Recording Supervision)
A Day at the Races
(Sound Director)
Mad Love
(Sound Director)
Singin' in the Rain
(Recording Supervision)
An American in Paris
(Recording Supervision)
On the Town
(Recording Supervision)
Parnell
(Sound Recordist)
Meet Me in St. Louis
(Recording Supervision)
Ziegfeld Follies
(Recording Supervision)
Kiss Me Kate
(Recording Supervision)
Shadow of the Thin Man
(Recording Supervision)
Song of the Thin Man
(Recording Supervision)
The Thin Man Goes Home
(Recording Supervision)
Idiot's Delight
(Recording Supervision)
Gold Rush Maisie
(Sound Director)
Maisie Was a Lady
(Sound Director)
Love Crazy
(Recording Supervision)
For Me and My Gal
(Sound Director)
Maisie Gets Her Man
(Sound Director)
Maisie
(Sound Director)
Maisie Goes to Reno
(Sound Director)
Swing Shift Maisie
(Sound Director)
Spring Madness
(Recording Supervision)
Green Dolphin Street
(Recording Supervision)
The Yearling
(Recording Supervision)
Undercover Maisie
(Sound Director)
Rage in Heaven
(Recording Supervision)
Big Leaguer
(Recording Supervision)
The Outriders
(Sound Recordist)
Come Live with Me
(Recording Supervision)
Ziegfeld Girl
(Recording Supervision)
Baby Face Harrington
(Recording Supervision)
Si l'empereur savait ça
(Sound Engineer)
Fast and Loose
(Sound Director)
Till the Clouds Roll By
(Sound Director)
The Wizard of Oz
(Sound Director)
Easter Parade
(Sound Recordist)
Trader Horn
(Recording Supervision)
Ride, Vaquero!
(Recording Supervision)
West of Broadway
(Sound Director)
Devil's Doorway
(Sound Supervisor)
Border Incident
(Sound Supervisor)
Act of Violence
(Sound Director)
Wonder of Women
(Sound Engineer)
Montana Moon
(Sound Director)
Honky Tonk
(Recording Supervision)
Intruder in the Dust
(Sound Recordist)
Gaslight
(Sound)
Texas Carnival
(Recording Supervision)
Casanova wider Willen
(Sound)
Mystery Street
(Recording Supervision)
The Wild Man of Borneo
(Recording Supervision)
Escape from Fort Bravo
(Sound Recordist)
Buster se marie
(Sound)
Anna Karenina
(Sound)
Little Women
(Sound Recordist)
Viva Villa!
(Sound)
Wife vs. Secretary
(Recording Supervision)
Watch the Birdie
(Recording Supervision)
Maytime
(Sound Engineer)
Shadow of Doubt
(Recording Supervision)